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Anjuran syariat Islam tentang melaksanakan sedekah sudah tak terhitung banyaknya. Misalnya keterangan dalam Al-Qur’an Surat an-Nisa’ berikut ini
“Kamu tidak akan memperoleh kebajikan, sebelum kamu menginfakkan sebagian harta yang kamu cintai. Dan apa pun yang kamu infakkan, tentang hal itu sungguh Allah Maha-Mengetahui,” (QS an-Nisa’: 92).
Pada ayat yang lain Allah subhanahu wa ta’ala bahkan menjanjikan ganjaran yang agung terhadap orang yang mengajak orang lain untuk bersedekah. Hal ini seperti yang dijelaskan dalam salah satu firman-Nya:
“Tidak ada kebaikan dari banyak pembicaraan rahasia mereka, kecuali pembicaraan rahasia dari orang yang menyuruh (orang) bersedekah, atau berbuat kebaikan, atau mengadakan perdamaian di antara manusia. Barangsiapa berbuat demikian karena mencari keridhaan Allah, maka kelak kami akan memberinya pahala yang besar” (QS an-Nisa’: 114).
Namun apakah anjuran melaksanakan sedekah ini bersifat umum? Sehingga bagi siapa pun disunnahkan untuk bersedekah kapan pun itu, tanpa dibatasi oleh hal lain? Bila seseorang masih memiliki tanggungan utang kepada orang lain, apakah mendermakan harta tetap disunnahkan baginya, atau justru hal yang paling dianjurkan baginya adalah membayar utang terlebih dahulu?
Mengenai pertanyaan di atas, baiknya kita simak penjelasan Rasulullah shallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam berikut ini: “Sedekah yang paling baik adalah melakukan sedekah dalam kondisi tercukupi, mulailah dari orang yang wajib kamu nafkahi,” (HR. Bukhari).
Berkaitan dengan hadits di atas, Imam Bukhari menjelaskan secara khusus tentang mana yang didahulukan antara bersedekah dengan membayar utang pada orang lain: “Bab menjelaskan tidak dianjurkannya sedekah kecuali dalam kondisi tercukupi. Barangsiapa yang bersedekah, sedangkan dia dalam keadaan membutuhkan atau keluarganya membutuhkan atau ia memiliki tanggungan utang, maka utang lebih berhak untuk dibayar dayekh Badruddin al-‘Aini mengartikan perkataan Imam Bukhari di atas dalam salah satu karyanya ‘Umdah al -Qari Syarh Shahih al-Bukhari: “Maksud dari perkataan (Imam Bukhari) di atas bahwa syarat bersedekah adalah sekiranya dirinya atau keluarganya tidak dalam keadaan butuh dan tidak memiliki utang. Jika ia memiliki utang, maka hal yang seharusnya dilakukan adalah membayar utangnya. Karena membayar utang lebih baik untuk dilakukan (baginya) daripada bersedekah, memerdekakan budak, dan menghibahkan (harta), sebab hal yang wajib itu (harus) didahulukan sebelum melakukan kesunnahan. Dan tidak diperkenankan bagi seseorang untuk menyengsarakan dirinya dan keluarganya sedangkan ia menghidupi (membuat nyaman) orang lain. Seharusnya ia menghidupi orang lain setelah menghidupi dirinya dan keluarganya, sebab dirinya dan keluarganya lebih wajib untuk diperhatikan daripadan orang lain,” (Syekh Badruddin al-‘Aini, Umdah al-Qari Syarh Shahih al-Bukhari, juz 13, hal. 327). Lebih jauh lagi, menurut pandangan para ulama fiqih mazhab Syafi’i, bersedekah ketika masih memiliki tanggungan utang adalah menyalahi kesunnahan, bahkan tindakan tersebut bisa menjadi haram ketika utang hanya bisa lunas dari harta tersebut atau utang tidak mungkin akan terlunasi dari harta yang lain, seandainya ia bersedekah dengan harta itu. Dalam hal ini, Syekh Khatib asy-Syirbini menjelaskan: ?
“Seseorang yang memiliki utang atau ia tidak punya utang namun berkewajiban menafkahi orang lain, maka disunnahkan baginya untuk tidak bersedekah sampai ia membayar tanggungan yang wajib baginya. Sebab bersedekah tanpa (disertai) membayar tanggungannya adalah menyalahi kesunnahan.
Aku berkata. ‘Menurut pendapat ashah (yang kuat) haram menyedekahkan harta yang ia butuhkan untuk menafkahi orang yang wajib dinafkahinya, atau menyedekahkan harta yang ia butuhkan untuk menafkahi dirinya sendiri, sedangkan ia tidak tahan untuk menghadapi kondisi hidup yang mendesak itu, atau harta tersebut ia butuhkan untuk membayar utang yang tidak dapat diharapkan untuk dapat dilunasi (dari harta yang lainnya) seandainya ia bersedekah,” (Syekh Khatib Asy-Syirbini, Mughni al-Muhtaj, juz 3, hal. 122).
Berbeda halnya ketika masih diharapkan lunasnya utang dari harta yang lain, maka boleh baginya untuk bersedekah, selama tagihan utangnya belum jatuh tempo pembayaran. Beliau (Syekh Khatib asy-Syirbini) melanjutkan:
“Diwajibkannya mendahulukan membayar utang, sebab membayar utang adalah hal yang wajib, maka harus didahulukan dari perkara yang sunnah. Sedangkan jika utangnya bisa lunas dari harta yang lain, maka tidak masalah bersedekah dengan harta tersebut, kecuali ketika akan berakibat pada diakhirkannya pembayaran, sedangkan wajib baginya untuk membayar utang sesegera mungkin dengan adanya tagihan (dari orang yang memberi utang) atau hal lainnya, maka dalam keadaan demikian wajib baginya untuk segera melunasi utangnya dan haram untuk mensedekahkan harta yang akan digunakan untuk membayar utang.
Pendapat ini seperti yang diungkapkan oleh Imam al-Adzra’i,” (Syekh Khatib Asy-Syirbini, Mughni al-Muhtaj, juz 3, hal. 122). Namun menurut pandangan Imam al-Adzra’i, ketika harta yang disedekahkan tidak mungkin dialokasikan untuk pembayaran utang, misalnya ketika barang yang disedekahkan adalah hal-hal remeh yang tidak begitu signifikan untuk dijadikan sebagai komponen pembayaran utang yang menjadi tanggungannya, maka dalam hal ini bersedekah tetap dianjurkan. Hal ini seperti yang dijelaskan dalam kitab Nihayah al-Muhtaj:
“Keharaman ini tidaklah bersifat mutlak. Sebab tidak akan mungkin ada ulama’ yang berpandangan bahwa orang yang memiliki tanggungan, ketika ia bersedekah roti atau harta yang serupa, sekiranya ketika harta tersebut tetap maka ia tidak akan menyerahkan harta tersebut untuk pembayaran utangnya (karena terlalu sedikit), (tidak ada ulama yang berpandangan) bahwa menyedekahkan roti tersebut tidak disunnahkan. Karena yang dimaksud (tidak sunnahnya bersedekah ketika mempunyai utang) adalah menyegerakan untuk terbebas dari tanggungan lebih baik daripada melakukan kesunnahan dalam skala umum” (Syekh Syamsuddin ar-Ramli, Nihayah al-Muhtaj, Juz 6, Hal. 174) Maka dengan demikian dapat disimpulkan bahwa membayar utang adalah hal yang lebih didahulukan daripada bersedekah. Bahkan bersedekah merupakan sebuah larangan ketika utang yang menjadi tanggungannya telah jatuh tempo atau tidak diharapkan adanya harta lain yang dapat melunasi utangnya. Sedangkan bersedekah pada harta-harta remeh yang tidak terlalu signifikan dalam pembayaran utangnya tetap dianjurkan, menurut pandangan Imam al-Adzra’i. ?Seseorang mesti bijak dalam mengelola keuangan yang ia miliki.
Bersedekah memang hal yang dianjurkan, tapi menjadi tidak baik tatkala dilakukan dalam keadaan terlilit utang atau tersandra oleh kebutuhan lain yang lebih urgen, seperti menafkahi dirinya dan keluarganya. Maka dalam keadaan demikian sebaiknya ia mendahulukan hal-hal yang wajib ia penuhi daripada melakukan hal-hal yang masih dalam koridor kesunnahan, sebab hal demikian merupakan manifestasi dari kaidah “Al-Fardlu afdlalu minan-nafli” (hal yang wajib lebih utama dibanding hal yang sunnah). Wallahu a’lam.(nu.online)
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